Embedded Software

Embedded software powers everything from everyday consumer electronics to critical industrial systems. Its real-time functionality and seamless integration play a vital role in driving innovation and enhancing device performance across various industries.

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What is embedded software?

Embedded software is specialised programming or firmware created and built into any device other than a traditional computer. It controls and manages very particular and limited operations and is tightly integrated with the hardware it controls. 

 

Embedded software controls the device functions like a computer's operating system controls the function of the software applications. Almost any device contains embedded software, from toasters and light bulbs to complex tracking systems in missiles.

Embedded software vs. embedded systems

Embedded software refers to the specialised programs written to control devices that are not typically considered computers, such as washing machines, automobiles and medical devices. This software is tailored to the hardware it runs on and is designed to perform specific tasks efficiently and reliably.  

 

In contrast, an embedded system combines hardware and embedded software that perform dedicated functions within a more extensive mechanical or electrical system. Essentially, while embedded software is the code that runs on hardware, an embedded system encompasses the entire integrated solution of hardware and software working in unison to achieve its designated purpose. 

How does embedded software work?

Embedded software operates by interfacing directly with the hardware of an embedded system to control its functions and processes. Typically stored in non-volatile memory such as RAM or flash memory, this software is written in low-level programming languages like C, allowing for precise manipulation of hardware components.  

 

It runs in real-time, meaning it must respond promptly to inputs from sensors and other peripherals, execute tasks reliably and manage resources efficiently. The software handles everything from reading data from sensors and controlling actuators to managing communication with other systems.  

 

By providing the logic and control mechanisms, embedded software ensures the seamless and efficient operation of the embedded system, often in environments where performance and reliability are critical. 

Characteristics of embedded software

There are a few distinct characteristics of embedded software:  

  • Embedded software is task specific. It executes the same pre-programmed function throughout its usable life and cannot be altered. 
  • Embedded software is highly efficient. Its resource requirements should never exceed the capacity of the hardware it is installed on, and the hardware's specifications should never exceed the bare minimum requirements of the embedded software. 
  • Embedded software is designed for stability. Embedded software is intended to be highly reliable and stable. It must perform its task with consistent response times and function throughout the lifetime of the device that houses it. 

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Types of embedded software

Unlike PC applications, which can be installed on various computer systems and modified to provide different levels of functionality, embedded software has fixed hardware requirements and capabilities. It is created exclusively for the device it runs on, with processing and memory restrictions tied directly to its specifications. 

 

Embedded software includes applications, firmware, middleware and operating systems.  

Operating systems

An operating system (OS) is software that allows users to run other applications on a computing device. The OS manages a processor's hardware resources, including input devices such as a keyboard and mouse, output devices such as displays or printers, network connections and storage devices such as hard drives and memory. The OS also provides services to facilitate the efficient execution and management of software application programs and memory allocations. 

Firmware

Firmware is a type of embedded software written directly for hardware. It operates without going through APIs, the operating system or device drivers, providing the needed instructions and guidance to communicate with other devices or perform basic tasks and functions as intended. 

Middleware

Middleware is a software layer situated between applications and operating systems. It's often used in distributed systems, where it simplifies software development by hiding the intricacies of distributed applications and masking the differences in hardware, operating systems and protocols. It also provides uniform interfaces to make interoperable, reusable and portable applications. Lastly, middleware delivers a set of standard services that minimise duplication of efforts and enhance collaboration between applications. 

Applications

The end-user develops the final software application that runs on the operating system, uses or interacts with the middleware and firmware, and is the primary focus of the embedded systems' target function. Each end application is unique while operating systems and firmware can be identical from device to device. 

Examples of embedded software

Almost every device with circuit boards and computer chips has an embedded software system. As a result, they are commonly seen in everyday life and are found throughout consumer, industrial, automotive, aerospace, medical, commercial, telecom and military technology.  

Embedded software in consumer electronics

Embedded software enables consumers of these devices to perform their designated tasks while offering a seamless experience. Some examples include smartphones and tablets, home appliances, and drones for video shooting. 

Embedded software for industrial applications

Embedded software in industrial applications drives automation, improving efficiency and enabling sophisticated functionalities in equipment and systems. For example, embedded software controls the machinery in factories and plants, empowering automated assembly lines, quality control mechanisms and real-time equipment monitoring. 

Automotive embedded software

Almost every modern car has an engine control unit that uses embedded software to optimise engine performance, fuel efficiency, and emissions. The ECU adjusts the motor’s operations based on inputs from various sensors, such as oxygen or temperature. Additionally, embedded software powers the multimedia and navigation systems in cars, providing drivers and passengers with entertainment, smartphone connectivity, navigation assistance and internet services. 

Medical device embedded software

The medical industry uses embedded software development extensively, incorporating it in many products, from hearing aids to surgical robots. Such devices have become essential to treating patients. Embedded software can continuously track patient metrics and provide real-time feedback on a wearer’s condition. Moreover, devices like ventilators or CPAP machines use embedded software to control airflow, pressure and oxygen levels tailored to individual patient needs. 

Aerospace embedded software

In aerospace, embedded software ensures the proper functioning, safety and efficiency of aircraft and spacecraft. Embedded software interprets input from pilots and sensors, sending commands to control surfaces like ailerons, elevators and rudders, ensuring stable and controlled flight. It also powers navigation and communication systems, radar, sonar, and other essential avionic components. 

 

Embedded software is essential to the functionality of modern devices, ensuring efficient, real-time operation across various industries. As technology advances, embedded software will remain at the forefront, enabling smarter and more connected devices that enhance our daily lives and industrial processes. Implementing sophisticated and scalable software and technology solutions like embedded software will be key to technology companies’ success. 

Further reading

Check out these resources to learn more about enbedded software and its role in people-centric innovation.

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